This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Singer, Isidore; etal., eds. After the destruction of the Temple and the subsequent diaspora of the Jewish people, there was a feeling of great loss among the people. Like the bull lyre, the thick lyre did not use use a plectrum but was plucked by hand. the first true Hebrew rendering of this musical . 5) would in this case refer to the opening in the sounding-board. The age of the various elements in synagogal song may be traced from the order in which the passages of the text were first introduced into the liturgy and were in turn regarded as so important as to demand special vocalization. Bibl. On the other hand, the Hebrew cithara, the kinnor, is not found in its original form, but in the modified form it assumed under Greek influence. It belongs to the stringed instrument family and has a pear-shaped body, along with a deeply vibrant tone. A number of additional instruments were known to the ancient Hebrews, though they were not included in the regular orchestra of the Temple: the transl. There were two ways of tuning: one was to fasten the strings to pegs that might be turned, while the other was to change the placement of the string on the crossbar; it is likely that both expedients were used simultaneously. 3:5,7,10,15). It was probably the same with the Israelites in olden times, who attuned the stringed instruments to the voices of the singers either on the same note or in the octave or at some other consonant interval. The earliest known lyre had four strings, tuned to create a tetrachord or series of four tones filling in the interval of a perfect fourth. In organology, a lyre is considered a yoke lute, since it is a lute in which the strings are attached to a yoke that lies in the same plane as the sound table, and consists of two arms and a crossbar. The term is also used metaphorically to refer to the work or skill of a poet, as in Shelley's "Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is"[23] or Byron's "I wish to tune my quivering lyre,/ To deeds of fame, and notes of fire".[24]. "A Short Note on African Lyres in Use Today. Apollo offered to trade the herd of cattle for the lyre. _____ Jewish Lyre. They are known as baal tokeah -the master of the blast.. . Whats That Sound? xvi. Others moonlight in kollel study or at Jewish organizations. The Oud has a very small neck and has no frets, which is the main difference from the lute. Therefore they may produce different, The Oud is played with a Risha, which is the oldest form of a, The main percussion instrument of the Israel music instruments range is the Tabret, also known as the T, A doom, when the length of the fingers and palm are used to strike the center of the head it produces a deeper bass sound than when the hand is removed for an open sound. iii. 5; II Sam. Music; and the bibliographies cited in these works. For the modern Yemenite-Israeli musical phenomenon, however, see Yemenite Jewish music.). Reminiscences of non-Jewish sacred melody, Mishneh Torah, Hilkoth Ta'niyyoth, Chapter 5, Halakhah 14 (see, Spielberg Jewish Film Archive - Teiman: The Music of the Yemenite Jews: 4:32, Jewish Encyclopedia article on MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, A Taste of Jewish Music from the Sephardi World, Yiddish Folk Songs and Tales of Russian Folk, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_religious_Jewish_music&oldid=1136750376, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia with no article parameter, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 23:18. (1 Samuel 16:16, 23) Scholars have at least 30 representations of the lyre from depictions found on ancient rock walls, coins, mosaics, plaques, and seals. Contrary to the colloquial name, the Jew's harp most likely originated in Siberia, specifically in or around the Altai Mountains and has no relation to the Jewish people.. Jew's harps may be categorized as idioglot or . The number of strings on the classical lyre therefore varied, with three, four, six, seven, eight and ten having been popular at various times. It is said in reference to the last-named instrument that the name "nebel" would apply very well to it, whether one imagines a bulging sounding-board of one made of an animal membrane. They have been found at archaeological sites in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, and the Levant. This type of music usually consists of the same formulaic mix. The underlying principle may be the specific allotment in Jewish worship of a particular mode to each sacred occasion, because of some esthetic appropriateness felt to underlie the association. devotional songs; carnatic music. 9). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. The kinnor had from 3 to 12 gut strings, in late antiquity usually 10. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help). These strings were held on a larger 'box-bridge' than the other type of eastern lyres, and the sound hole of the instrument was cut in the body of the lyre behind the box-bridge. 9, lxxi. Lyre Player c. 16401660, Deccan sultanates, "Distinctions among Canaanite Philistine and Israelite Lyres and their Global Lyrical Contexts", "Reflecting on Hornbostel-Sachs's Versuch a century later", "Plucked and Hammered String Instruments; Historical Development", "Skye cave find western Europe's 'earliest string instrument', "rabab (musical instrument) Encyclopdia Britannica", "The Universal Lyre From Three Perspectives", Summary of Schemes of Tonal Organizations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyre&oldid=1147544239, Continental Europe: Germanic or Anglo-Saxon lyre (, Jenkins, J. For the annual award, see, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Distinctions among Canaanite, Philistine, and Israelite Lyres, and Their Global Lyrical Contexts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinnor&oldid=1116995835, Culture articles needing translation from German Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Articles with MusicBrainz instrument identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Isa. Nowack, Lehrbuch der Hebrischen Archologie, i. The second sound is referred to as the, It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a P. The Sumponyah, which later became the Calabrian Zampogna, Although there are many sacred instruments in Israel, the kinnor. Like the eastern flat-based lyre, the western round-based lyre also had several sub-types. [6], Lyres were used without a fingerboard, no Greek description or representation having ever been met with that can be construed as referring to one. It was used on family occasions and at popular festivals (Gen. xxxi. They initially contained only round rather than flat bases; but by the Hellenistic period both constructs of lyre could be found in these regions. It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a Psaltery or Zither in its European form. In both instruments the strings were set in vibration by the fingers, or perhaps by a little stick, the plectrum (as Josephus says). The strings here are strung parallel across the box; the player holds the plectrum in his right hand; it is not clear whether he touches the strings with his left hand also. ; Riehm, Handwrterb. As Niebuhr points out, the melodies are earnest and simple, and the singers must make every word intelligible. Kinnor is one of the ancient musical instruments of Israeli music that is holy for the Jewish culture and used in sacred music. Its exact identification is unclear, but in the modern day it is generally translated as "harp" or "lyre",[12]:440 and associated with a type of lyre depicted in Israelite imagery, particularly the Bar Kochba coins. David by his playing on the harp drove away an evil spirit from Saul;[9] the holy ecstasy of the Prophets was stimulated by dancing and music;[10] playing on a harp awoke the inspiration that came to Elisha. Psaltery 2. [6]:43. abbuv (a reed flute or oboe-like instrument). Some instruments called "lyres" were played with a bow in Europe and parts of the Middle East, namely the Arabic rebab and its descendants,[21] including the Byzantine lyra.[22]. One is mentioned in only one book of the Bible (Dan. 2, xliii. The round lyre, called so for its rounded base, reappeared centuries later in ancient Greece c. 1700-1400 B.C.E.,[3] and then later spread throughout the Roman Empire. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. (19011906). It was usually played by women and was excluded from the temple orchestra. Likewise the three-stringed lyre may have given rise to the six-stringed lyre depicted on many archaic Greek vases. There are diverse shapes of shofars made from horns of different sheep species, and their finishes may have been differently made. xxvi. This article aimed to characterize the different musical instruments of Southeast Asian countries and distinguish characteristics to its music, culture, and tradition. Earliest of all is the cantillation of the Bible, in which the traditions of the various rites differ only as much and in the same manner from one another as their particular interpretations according to the text and occasion differ among themselves. A giant lyre found in the ancient city of Susa (c2500 BCE) is suspected to have been played by only a single instrumentalist, and giant lyres in Egypt dating from the Hellenistic period most likely also required only a single player. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. However, this round-based construction of the lyre was less common than its flat-based counterparts in the east, and by c1750 BCE the instrument had died out completely in this region. The . 12), and was played upon both by the noble and by the lowly. Musical Instrument having plucked strings of gut, horsehair, or metal streched across a flat soundboard, often trapezoidal but also rectangular, triangle, or wing-shaped. he transl. The precentor will accommodate the motive to the structure of the sentence he is reciting by the judicious use of the reciting-note, varied by melismatic ornament. cxxxvii. It appears in its simplest form in the prayer-motivewhich is best defined, to use a musical phrase, as a sort of codato which the benediction (berakha) closing each paragraph of the prayers is to be chanted. The Egyptian thin lyre was characterized by arms that bulged outwards asymmetrically; a feature also found later in Samaria (c375c323 BCE). [1][2] The oldest lyres from the Fertile Crescent are known as the eastern lyres and are distinguished from other ancient lyres by their flat base. Kinnor (Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans} knnr) is an ancient Israelite musical instrument in the yoke lutes family, the first one to be mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. The earliest form of the instrument is found, together with the harp, in the above-mentioned illustration from Kuyunjik. Another stringed instrument of the harp class, and one also used by the ancient Greeks, was the lyre. Cymbal 9. A detailed investigation into the elusive 10-string lyre known in Hebrew as the 'Kinnor' - mentioned throughout the Hebrew Bible and also in the writings of. Reliance must therefore be placed upon tradition and the analogies furnished by the ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Babylonian instruments. There is no question that melodies repeated in each strophe, in the modern manner, were not sung at either the earlier or the later periods of psalm-singing; since no such thing as regular strophes occurred in Hebrew poetry. Regarding the form of the two instruments, it is evident from the Old Testament that they could be played while the performer was walking (I Sam. According to one opinion the nebel was identical with the harp. Most lyres are plucked, but a few are bowed. It accordingly attracts the intonation of the passages which precede and follow it into its own musical rendering. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. transl. Next comes, from the first ten centuries, and probably taking shape only with the Jewish settlement in western and northern Europe, the cantillation of the Amidah referred to below, which was the first portion of the liturgy dedicated to a musical rendering, all that preceded it remaining unchanted. It was shaken as a sacred rattle in the worship of Hathor in ancient Egypt and used in rituals in Israel. xxxiii. Lots of instruments we know today are rooted in the history of Israel and its neighboring lands. x. Both regional and religious influences enhanced the depth and the richness of Israeli music throughout the years. Apollo was furious, but after hearing the sound of the lyre, his anger faded. The instrument reached the height of its popularity in Ancient Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 13531336 B.C.E.). Today, scholars divide instruments referred to as kitharis into two subgroups, the round-based cylinder kithara and the flat-based concert kithara. 16). Other instruments known as lyres have been fashioned and used in Europe outside the Greco-Roman world since at least the Iron Age. Different tones could be obtained from a single bowed string by pressing the fingernails of the player's left hand against various points along the string to fret the string. This article is about the musical instrument. Even among Western cantors, trained amid mensurate music on a contrapuntal basis, there is still a remarkable propensity to introduce the interval of the augmented second, especially between the third and second degrees of any scale in a descending cadence. Use Code HIVE25 For 25% Off Select Products! These elements persist side by side, rendering the traditional intonations a blend of different sources. The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system as that used in the Temple in Jerusalem. The round-based lyre re-appeared in the West in Ancient Greece where it was sole form of lyre used between 1400 BCE and 700 BCE.[1]. ); whereas in the parts of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah belonging to the Chronicles singers are reckoned among the Levites (compare Ezra 3:10; Nehemiah 11:22; 12:8,24,27; I Chronicles 6:16). mark pieloch wedding,
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